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How to Reduce Repetition in Papers
In recent years, paper detection system software developers have generally received widespread attention for paper checking. They are mainly because of their advantages: high accuracy and low cost; disadvantages: very easy to make mistakes!
First, remind all students not to just find a tool to modify by themselves. Here we recommend turndetect.co for paper reduction. These are several common methods for reducing paper repetition, hoping to help you solve the problem.
1. Foreign Language Material Translation Method
After sending the paper to foreign references, translate it into English, and then convert the English back into Chinese. This can both enrich our thinking and remove redundant words. The purpose of doing this is to ensure that each paper can withstand originality. However, the editor does not recommend wasting money and time to do these things, after all, some schools require papers to be submitted to CNKI for checking, so you have to do it yourself.
2. Space Vulnerability Method
You can insert spaces into all sentences in the article, disrupting the distance between characters. When a paragraph or word exceeds 1 word or is continuously similar, it will be judged as plagiarism. Therefore, the best way is to change the sentence pattern according to the smallest unit of space. But this method is no longer applicable now because it has seriously affected the overall feel of the article.
3. Synonym Replacement Method
By directly copying sentences from books and changing the sentence patterns, this is definitely the best way to reduce paper repetition.
4. Screenshot Method
This method actually has many other paper reduction methods. Everyone can use this method to see.
Correctly Writing Papers to Reduce Repetition Rate
First, improve your writing ability. When conducting paper detection, it is necessary to use spare time to read foreign literature, and then appropriately organize the language to improve and alleviate your overall level. Through the knowledge level in school, you can get a good return. But this is only part of it; most people still rely on memory and cannot think of ways to cope. Below, the editor shares some experiences on correctly writing papers to reduce the repetition rate.
We often say that sharpening the knife does not delay cutting firewood, so choosing different modes will result in differences, which is completely meaningless. Before actually starting to write, we need to understand what the basic procedures and principles are? This can not only master the repetition rate faster but also ensure that our views can be adopted, so the framework used must be clear. If you have already done a lot of basic knowledge, then you will continue to look down and find the most core things, so that you can write a high-quality paper.
We still need to pay attention to some things: try to avoid imitating others’ chapter content! Simply put, before writing the paper, imitate each paragraph or sentence, because there are always dozens of words that are continuously similar. Even if it is really a coincidence, due to various reasons (when reading materials), it is normal for the logical structure of the entire article to change. So even if it is not directly copying content, apply them to the paper and express them according to your own logical thinking.
Effectively using charts, the author converts the read materials into pictures, especially for certain special scenarios, such as the placement of something or an item. In addition, we can also appropriately use this method in the disposal of illustrations and videos, but moving the gaze cannot delete it~
We also need to know two problems: which parts need to be practiced during the writing process. The first time you try, you need to understand the specific operating steps; the second time, you need to layout the manuscript according to the reader’s requirements. These two types of states have focuses, so when encountering problems, solve them in time, and resonance will always be generated.
Common literature management software includes many options besides EndNote, some are open source, some are free. There are also several domestic literature management software available. This article lists some common literature management software.
However, EndNote also has many shortcomings, such as supporting only two-level directory grouping, and EndNote does not support tags. In comparison, Zotero is much more powerful in this regard, supporting multi-level classification directories and allowing users to add tags to references.
Actually, these are not the main issues. The most important thing is that EndNote is commercial software, which is too expensive for ordinary individual users. However, EndNote’s redeeming quality is that it has no verification mechanism - as long as you have the authorization file, you can use it, and authorization files can be easily found online.
Mendeley
Mendeley has been quite popular in recent years, characterized by its community features where users can share and discuss references together. This is Mendeley’s biggest highlight. Mendeley has also incorporated the latest literature evaluation metric: Altmetric, which is an emerging paper evaluation indicator that better reflects the influence of new social media compared to traditional impact factors. Of course, impact factor is not an indicator of paper quality but essentially an indicator of journal evaluation. However, domestically, journal impact factors are generally used as important indicators for evaluating papers.
Mendeley is also free software that users can use without charge. But Mendeley has a drawback for domestic users: it requires internet connection and login to use. Unfortunately, Mendeley is sometimes blocked by the firewall, making it frequently inaccessible, which is quite frustrating.
Zotero
Zotero also has many loyal users. Zotero is an open-source literature management software. Zotero’s distinctive feature is that it can be used as a browser plugin, which is actually its fundamental characteristic. Local Zotero reference databases can also be uploaded to Zotero’s web server for free without space limitations. However, there are size restrictions for attachments on the web server - Zotero’s web server only provides 300MB of free storage per user.
Compared to EndNote, Zotero is free and its biggest feature is unlimited directory classification. Multiple subdirectories can be created under one directory, making reference management much more convenient, while EndNote only supports two-level directories. Zotero also supports reference tagging, automatically adding tags to each reference, and users can also customize tags, further enhancing reference management capabilities.
JabRef
JabRef is released under the GNU General Public License. The software is programmed in Java and can be used on various operating systems such as Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X.
The initial version of JabRef was released on November 29, 2003. The name JabRef stands for Java, Alver, Batada, Reference. Alver and Batada refer to Morten O. Alver and Nizar Batada, the two original developers.
I haven’t used JabRef, so the above content comes from Wikipedia.
NoteExpress
NoteExpress is a domestic literature management software. It is said to support Chinese literature and Chinese databases better than EndNote. It has many users domestically, but this software is commercial software. The student version costs 198 - not 1998! Not 998! Just 198! NoteExpress can be taken home~~~ The permanent version requires 698 yuan.
But with that money, I would use Zotero, so I’ve never been interested in NoteExpress. There are cracked versions available online, but I haven’t tried them. By the way, try to avoid using cracked software whenever possible.
CNKI E-Study
CNKI E-Study is an official research tool launched by China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). It not only has literature management functions but also online submission and writing capabilities. Therefore, CNKI defines it as a “learning and research platform.”
E-Study supports classification management of multiple file types and supports most global academic achievement file formats, including: CAJ, KDH, NH, PDF, TEB and other file management and reading. Added preview function for image format files and TXT files. Supports conversion of WORD, PPT, TXT to PDF.
Based on the CNKI platform, E-Study can easily connect with CNKI’s resource database, supporting CNKI Academic Total Database retrieval, CNKI Scholar retrieval, etc., directly importing retrieved reference information into learning units; automatically downloading full texts based on user-set account information without logging into the corresponding database system.
Other Literature Management Software
There are many other literature management software, some are niche, some have single functions and cannot be considered true literature management software. Interested researchers can try them. The following literature management software include some that are specific to certain software (such as LaTeX), some that only generate reference formats for web pages, and some that are truly free literature management software. One more thing: ReadCube, although an emerging software, may have significant potential.
National requirements for academic papers have become increasingly strict, especially in recent years, which have seen the most rigorous standards. Plagiarism checking is a common occurrence every graduation season. Graduates use plagiarism detection websites to check their papers and then compare the repetition rate to see if it meets the school’s requirements.
Naturally, plagiarism checking requires some expense, but many graduates opt for free plagiarism detection systems. However, when using free systems, they often lack confidence in the results. So, are free plagiarism detection websites reliable? Below is a simple analysis.
Free plagiarism checking is handled differently depending on the situation. Most plagiarism detection systems only offer free checking for new users, while some websites only provide free checking for the first paper each day before gradually starting to charge fees, and the pricing is not low.
From initially high-priced checking to the current free paper plagiarism detection, this is an inevitable trend in market development. After all, the plagiarism detection industry is highly competitive. Free does not necessarily mean unreliable, as free paper plagiarism detection comes with certain limitations. As long as these conditions are met, using free plagiarism detection should not pose major issues.
Many students worry that the results from free platforms might be inaccurate? Could it cause unnecessary trouble for their graduation? In fact, turndetect.co is a free plagiarism detection system, and its detection accuracy is not lower than platforms like CNKI or Wanfang.
Therefore, the reliability of a plagiarism detection platform depends on whether the platform has a robust database and accurate detection algorithms. Generally, free plagiarism detection platforms do not have significant issues, but it is still important to exercise caution when choosing one.
In summary, free plagiarism detection systems can be trustworthy, but it is recommended to use a paid system for an additional check after using a free one!
How to successfully graduate is a major concern for students who are about to finish their studies. To graduate smoothly, the most important aspects are not only the plagiarism check of the thesis but also the thesis defense. So, how can one successfully pass the thesis defense? Let’s take a look together.
Before the thesis defense, passing the plagiarism check is essential. Let’s first explore how to pass the plagiarism check.
1. If the repetition rate is less than 30%, the graduation thesis can proceed to defense. However, a 30% repetition rate is only a general guideline. Specific requirements may vary depending on the school, as different institutions have different standards for acceptable repetition rates.
If the repetition rate is greater than or equal to 30%, it indicates plagiarism. The thesis advisor must confirm this, and the student will need to make revisions before resubmitting for another check.
For theses with a repetition rate greater than 50%, a panel of experts organized by the academic department will evaluate the situation.
If, after resubmission, the repetition rate still exceeds 30%, the student may be disqualified from participating in the thesis defense and will be required to rewrite the entire thesis.
Therefore, the plagiarism check is a critical step that must be taken seriously. Failure to pass may result in the inability to participate in the thesis defense and ultimately delay graduation.
Now, let’s discuss some key points about the thesis defense.
During the thesis defense, thorough preparation is essential. Key points to note include: organizing the thesis logic, using formal language, clarifying the research purpose, setting up specific scenarios, and learning to explain concisely. In addition to these, here are some other important considerations:
Bring all necessary materials and items (e.g., a printed copy of the thesis for the reviewers’ reference).
Be thoroughly familiar with the content of your thesis. Since the defense questions are based on your thesis, lacking clarity about your own arguments and ideas may lead to irrelevant answers.
Maintain a respectful and confident attitude during the defense. Remember, the audience consists of your teachers and peers, so there’s no need to be overly nervous.
Listen carefully to the questions posed by the reviewers, think before responding, and keep your answers concise and well-reasoned. Avoid providing lengthy but irrelevant explanations.
As the graduation season approaches, a sense of reluctance to part ways envelops graduates. Classmates and friends who have spent several years together are about to go their separate ways, but before the graduation defense concludes, there is hardly any time to feel sad. Just like at the end of April, we are still busy writing graduation theses. The undergraduate thesis proposal must be included in the graduation assessment items, leading some students to question: Do undergraduate thesis proposals require plagiarism checks?
First, we must clarify the nature of the thesis proposal: the undergraduate thesis proposal primarily guides the writing process for undergraduates. Therefore, the proposal is determined and reviewed before the official commencement of thesis writing. Generally, the proposal needs to be submitted to the university’s thesis platform but is not included in the plagiarism check content, so the answer is that it does not require a plagiarism check.
However, after some students learn that undergraduate thesis proposals do not require plagiarism checks, they may become somewhat lax in writing their proposals. Based on the experiences of previous seniors: generally, students who do not take the proposal seriously will be singled out by their supervisors for special attention. Therefore, students should treat it seriously and not copy directly from the internet, as this can lead to content gaps and confusion. Of course, there are certain skills to writing a thesis proposal. On one hand, you can ask seniors for relevant samples as references; on the other hand, you can search CNKI’s database for corresponding papers to download, read, summarize, and finally write a literature review to support your proposal.
Everything is difficult at the beginning. The thesis proposal is an essential part of the entire graduation thesis we write. The proposal is a brief outline of the thesis. If the thesis proposal is well-written, the graduation thesis will be easier to write. When writing the thesis, you will have a clear understanding of its framework and content, making the subsequent writing process very smooth. Therefore, undergraduate graduates should also pay special attention to the thesis proposal. The above is the specific answer to “Do undergraduate thesis proposals require plagiarism checks?”
The research methodology of a thesis does not refer to a specific algorithm, theory, or model used to study practical problems, but rather to the overall approach adopted for the entire paper. Today, we share seven major research methods, hoping to provide some assistance for everyone’s thesis writing.
1. Qualitative Analysis Combined with Quantitative Analysis
Based on the theoretical knowledge under study, qualitative and quantitative analysis methods are organically combined to meticulously list and analyze potential problems, thereby drawing corresponding conclusions. Moreover, quantitative analysis can, to some extent, ensure the validity of the conclusions.
2. Literature Survey Method
Based on the writing and research objectives, the author summarizes and synthesizes existing domestic and international materials to establish a corresponding article framework that highly aligns with the research content. This method has shown good application effects in thesis practice, yielding relatively accurate verification results.
3. Questionnaire Survey Method
In essence, the questionnaire survey method involves researchers using controlled measurement techniques to assess research objectives, thereby collecting comprehensive and reliable data and information. The questionnaire survey method is one of the important approaches for quantitative analysis, and its implementation mainly consists of five steps.
4. Case Analysis Method
As the name suggests, case analysis involves targeted research on typical cases, focusing on in-depth analysis of representative phenomena or objects to derive a scientific overall understanding. Case analysis is highly targeted and accurate, and its main implementation steps are relatively concise, consisting of only two steps.
5. Interview Method
This refers to understanding a respondent through face-to-face conversations between the interviewer and the interviewee, revealing the underlying motivations, beliefs, attitudes, and emotions regarding a specific issue. In-depth interviews are suitable for understanding complex and abstract problems.
6. Observation Method
The observation method primarily involves researchers directly observing the subjects under study according to specific research objectives, outlines, or observation forms, using their senses and auxiliary tools to obtain data. Scientific observation is characterized by purposefulness, planning, systematicity, and repeatability. In scientific experiments and investigations, the observation method serves the following functions: ① expanding perceptual knowledge, ② inspiring thinking, and ③ leading to new discoveries.
7. Empirical Research Method
The empirical research method is a special form of scientific practice research. Based on existing scientific theories and practical needs, it proposes designs, utilizes scientific instruments and equipment, and under natural conditions, manipulates variables purposefully and step-by-step to determine causal relationships between conditions and phenomena based on observations, recordings, and measurements of accompanying changes. The main goal of empirical research is to explain the relationships between various independent variables and a dependent variable.
Thesis format refers to the style requirements and writing standards for thesis writing. Visually speaking, the thesis format is the standard style and content requirements that a thesis must meet to be made public. Theses are often used for scientific research and describing research results. It is both a means of conducting scientific research by exploring problems and a tool for describing research results for academic exchange. It includes academic year theses, graduation theses, degree theses, scientific papers, achievement papers, etc., collectively referred to as theses.
Title. It should summarize the most important content of the entire thesis, be concise and compelling, and generally should not exceed 20 words.
Thesis Abstract and Keywords.
The thesis abstract should elaborate the main points of the degree thesis. It should explain the purpose, research methods, results, and conclusions of this thesis. Retain as much of the basic information of the original thesis as possible, highlighting the creative achievements and new insights of the thesis. It should not be a simple list of chapter titles. The abstract should be around 300 words.
Keywords are the most critical words and phrases that reflect the main idea of the thesis, generally 3-5.
Table of Contents. This serves as the outline of the thesis and the subtitles of the thesis components, with corresponding page numbers indicated.
Introduction (or Preface). The content should include the current domestic and international status of the research field, the problems to be solved in this thesis, and the theoretical significance and practical value of this research work in economic construction, technological progress, and social development.
Main Body. This is the main part of the graduation thesis.
Conclusion. The thesis conclusion requires clarity, conciseness, and completeness. It should clarify one’s creative achievements or new insights and their significance in the field.
References and Annotations. List them in the order of the citation or annotation numbers used in the thesis, after the main body of the thesis and before the references. Charts or data must indicate the source and origin.
(When the reference is a journal, the format is:
[Number], Author, Article Title, Journal Name (can be abbreviated in foreign languages), Year, Volume Number, Issue Number, Page Number.
When the reference is a book, the format is:
[Number], Author, Book Title, Publishing Unit, Year, Edition, Page Number.)
Appendix. Includes formula derivations that are too lengthy to be placed in the main body, auxiliary mathematical tools necessary for others to read easily, repetitive data charts, symbols used in the thesis and their meanings, unit abbreviations, full text of programs, and related instructions.
1. Binding Order: Table of Contents – Content Abstract – Main Body – References – Writing Process Status Table – Instructor Evaluation Form
References should start on a separate page.
Paper Model: A4 paper. A4 210×297 mm
Number of Thesis Copies: Three copies.
Others (survey reports, study notes): All must be printed.
2. The cover of the thesis is provided uniformly by the school. (Or follow the teacher’s arrangement)
3. Thesis Format Font: Various titles (including “References” title) use bold Song typeface; author’s name, instructor’s name, abstract, keywords, chart names, reference content use楷体(Kai typeface); main body, charts, headers, footers use Song typeface; English uses Times New Roman font.
4. Font Requirements:
(1) Thesis title: No. 2 bold黑体(Hei typeface), bold, centered.
(2) Thesis subtitle: Small No. 2 font,紧挨正标题下居中(centered directly below the main title), with a dash added before the text.
(3) When filling in name, major, student ID, and other items, use No. 3楷体(Kai typeface).
(4) Content abstract: No. 3 bold黑体(Hei typeface), centered, with one blank line above and below, content in small No. 4 Song typeface.
(5) Keywords: No. 4 Song typeface, content in small No. 4 Song typeface.
(6) Table of Contents: Start on a new page, No. 3 bold黑体(Hei typeface), content in small No. 4仿宋(Fang Song typeface), with page numbers listed.
(7) Main text: Start on a new page, main text generally uses small No. 4 Song typeface, each paragraph indents two spaces, 1.25 line spacing.
(8) Titles within the main text
First-level title: Title number is "一、", No. 4 bold黑体(Hei typeface), occupies its own line, no punctuation at the end.
Second-level title: Title number is "（一）", same font size as main text, occupies its own line, no punctuation at the end.
Third-level title: Title number is " 1. ", same font and size as main text.
Fourth-level title: Title number is "（1）", same font and size as main text.
Fifth-level title: Title number is "①", same font and size as main text.
(9) Annotations: No. 4 bold黑体(Hei typeface), content in No. 5 Song typeface.
(10) Appendix: No. 4 bold黑体(Hei typeface), content in No. 5 Song typeface.
(11) References: Start on a new page, No. 4 bold黑体(Hei typeface), content in No. 5 Song typeface.
Note: The above is just a template. Everything is subject to the school’s requirements!
A thesis proposal is an explanatory report written by graduate students after completing a literature review, concerning the topic selection of their degree thesis and how to implement it. For graduate students, the thesis proposal is an unavoidable “heavy topic.” A good thesis proposal is not only a prerequisite for the smooth implementation of the project but also provides a writing思路 for the subsequent thesis writing.
So the question is—how exactly do you write a thesis proposal?
A clear topic often implies the basic conclusions of the thesis. Comments on the shortcomings of existing literature also basically暗示 the direction for improvement. The thesis proposal is meant to clearly present these implied conclusions and the logical reasoning that论证 them. The basic content of a thesis proposal includes:
Basic Content of the Thesis Proposal
- Topic Title
- Background of the Topic and the Main Problems to Be Solved
- Current Status and Trends in the Same Research Field Domestically and Abroad, and the Connection and Differences with This Topic
- Practical Significance and Theoretical Value of the Topic Research
- Feasibility Analysis of Completing the Topic Research
- Topic Definition and Supporting Theories
- Research Objectives, Content, Process, and Method Design
- Measures to Ensure the Completion of This Topic Research
- Expected Research Results
II. Steps for Writing the Thesis Proposal
Step 1: Research Background (Literature Review)
The research background involves raising questions and explaining the reasons for studying the topic. The research background includes theoretical background and practical needs. It also requires reviewing the current status of similar research domestically and abroad:
① What are others researching, and to what extent?
② Identify issues you want to research that others have not yet addressed.
③ If others have already done it, but you believe it is insufficient (or has defects), propose ideas or measures for improvement.
④ If others have already done it, you can redo the experiment to verify it.
Step 2: Purpose and Significance
The purpose and significance refer to what problem will be solved (or what conclusion will be drawn) through the research on this topic, and what the significance of solving this problem (or drawing this conclusion) is. Sometimes the research background and purpose are combined into one.
Step 3: Implementation Plan
The implementation plan is the core part of the topic plan and mainly includes research content, research methods, and time安排.
Research content refers to operable elements, generally including several levels:
① Research direction.
② Sub-topics (number and titles).
③ Content related to the research plan, i.e., what to achieve through what means, etc.
Research methods should specify whether it is literature research, experimentation, or investigation research. If it is investigation research, indicate whether it is a general survey or a sample survey. If it is experimental research, note whether there is a control experiment and repeat experiments.
The implementation plan should详细 write out the time安排, location, tasks and goals, and responsible person for each stage. If going out for investigation, list the investigators, investigation objects, investigation content, transportation tools, and investigation tools. If it is experimental research, write the experimental content, experimental location, and equipment. The more specific the implementation plan, the easier it is to operate.
Step 4: Feasibility Argumentation
Feasibility argumentation refers to the conditions required for the topic research, i.e., the information资料, experimental equipment, research funding, students’ knowledge level and skills, and teachers’ guidance ability. In addition, it should also提出 what work has been done on the topic so far, what difficulties and problems still exist, and in what aspects help from the school and teachers is needed.
Step 5: Expected Results and Their Forms of Expression
The expected results are generally in the form of a thesis or investigation (experiment) report. The results are expressed through the final report.
In addition, when writing the thesis proposal, everything starts from the topic and revolves around discussing and researching the topic. So you need to make sure that anyone who sees your topic can understand after reading your thesis proposal why you are writing this thesis and how you will prove the point you want to prove through experiments or practice.
III. Tips for Writing the Thesis Proposal
1. Pay Attention to the “Level” When Raising Questions
Topic selection is the first step in writing an academic thesis. Whether the topic is appropriate directly affects the quality of the thesis and even the success of the thesis writing. Unlike policy research reports, academic articles focus on the theoretical level and solve theoretical problems. Some students choose topics that are not novel, and the content is not innovative, merely summarizing previous work or repeating前人 work. When selecting a topic, adhere to the principles of advancement,科学性, practicality, and feasibility. When raising questions, use terms that “insiders” can understand and clear logic to express them.
Sources of topics include:
① Issues related to your actual work or research work that you are relatively familiar with;
② Rapid development in a certain problem in your major requires comprehensive evaluation;
③ Choose topics reflecting new theories, new technologies, or new trends in the discipline from a large amount of mastered literature.
The chosen topic should not be too broad; the more specific it is, the easier it is to collect data. Starting from a certain aspect makes it easy to深入.
2. Aim at Mainstream Literature and Organize随时
Literature资料 are the foundation for writing a good academic thesis. The more literature there is, the easier it is to write. When selecting literature, choose core journals and classic works in the discipline, and pay attention to the representativeness, reliability, and科学性 of the selected literature; when selecting literature, first look at recent ones (last 3~5 years), then look at older ones. Read materials widely, and if necessary, find the original text cited by the relevant literature to read. When reading, pay attention to making reading cards or reading notes. When organizing materials, pay attention to organizing literature资料 according to problems. When writing the literature review, do not list and state all the materials you have read, but refine them according to a certain思路. Only in this way can you write a good literature review and also write a good thesis proposal, thereby laying the foundation for writing a good thesis.
How to Find References
(1) Books
Books are systematic discussions of scientific research and production technologies, representing the author’s selection, analysis, synthesis, organization, and comprehensive summarization of extensive materials. Books are characterized by maturity, reliability, systematicity, logic, and completeness, making them an important source of information.
Books can be divided into two categories:
① Reading materials: textbooks, collections, monographs, popular science readings, etc.
② Reference materials: handbooks, encyclopedias, biographical dictionaries, yearbooks, dictionaries, pharmacopoeias, etc.
(2) Journals
Journals are publications issued periodically or continuously. They generally have fixed names and a unified publication format, with at least one issue per year, each containing two or more papers by different authors. Journals are known for their large quantity, variety, broad content, short cycles, fast reporting, and up-to-date information, reflecting the latest scientific and technological developments domestically and internationally.
As such, journals rank first as a source of information. It is estimated that about 65% of information comes from journals.
Journals can be classified from different perspectives. Based on the scope of content coverage, they can be divided into comprehensive journals and specialized journals. From the perspective of content attributes, they can generally be categorized into academic, technical, communication, news, retrieval, and data types.
(3) Patent Literature
Patent literature is a legally published document that gathers the essence of inventions and creations, encompassing three major sources of information: patent technology, law, and economics. It includes the latest and most systematic scientific and technological information, forming a vast treasure trove of knowledge.
In a narrow sense, patent literature refers to patent specifications and inventor certificates. Broadly speaking, it also includes various documents related to patent applications and approvals that are not publicly released, as well as various retrieval tools published by patent offices, such as patent gazettes, patent abstracts, microform patent literature, and tape-based patent literature.
Patent specifications are the main body of patent literature and the most basic and primary original documents, serving as the ultimate goal of patent literature retrieval.
(4) Technical Reports
Technical reports are documents that report on the results or progress of research and development. They feature novel, detailed, specialized, and rich content, including various research方案的选择与比较, successes and failures, and are accompanied by大量的数据, charts,原始实验和调查记录.
The publication format of technical reports is unique, with each report自成一体, varying in length, having continuous numbering, simple binding, and irregular release dates.
Technical reports are essentially primary literature, with reporting speeds faster than other types of literature. However, the circulation of technical reports is generally controlled, with most being confidential and only a few公开或半公开发表.
Technical reports are generally categorized into technical reports, technical memoranda, technical bulletins, etc. Many are confidential and controlled in distribution, but公开的解密的报告也占有一定的比例.
Currently, there are approximately over 700,000 technical reports worldwide each year, among which the famous ones include the four major reports in the United States (AD reports, PB reports, NASA reports, AEC reports); the UK Aeronautical Research Committee (ARC) reports and UK Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) reports; French Atomic Energy Commission (CFA) reports; and the Federal German Aeronautical Research Institute (DVR) reports.
(5) Theses and Dissertations
Theses and dissertations refer to papers submitted by graduate students or graduates of higher education institutions or research units to obtain doctoral, master’s, or bachelor’s degrees.
Theses and dissertations primarily focus on the results of academic research围绕某一专题, providing detailed and systematic explanations of the context of issues, with a certain degree of originality. They hold reference value for teaching and research work.
Theses and dissertations are generally not publicly published, though a few are printed as separate volumes or summarized in journals. They form part of information resources.
(6) Conference Literature
Conference literature refers to papers or reports presented by scientists at domestic or international academic conferences, compiled into volumes and printed for publication by the conference organizers.
Conference literature reports the latest research成果 of scientists, discusses current academic issues, and exchanges and disseminates information on the latest advancements in technology.
Some papers represent the latest research levels in a particular discipline or专业 internationally or domestically. They are important documents for researchers to understand the scientific and technological levels, dynamics, and trends in various countries.
(7) Standard Literature
Standard literature refers to regulatory documents published in file form concerning standardized scientific and technological achievements. Standards fully utilize existing scientific and technological achievements,经过优选,统一,简化等过程, to make technical regulations on the quality, specifications, parameters, and inspection of products or components, proposing requirements and indicators that are “technically advanced, economically reasonable, and scientifically sound,” undergoing specific approval procedures, with clear applicable ranges and certain legal binding force.
Standards are the product of standardization. Standardization is an important technical and economic policy in our country and a crucial measure for organizing and managing modern production.
Standardization includes: product quality standardization, product specification standardization, product model serialization, and product component generalization.
Standard literature can be categorized by content into: basic standards, product standards, and method standards;
By scope of application into: international standards, national standards, professional standards, and enterprise standards;
By maturity level into: formal standards, trial standards, guiding technical documents, and standardization regulations.
(8) Technical Archives
Technical archives are technical documents recording various factual processes, including task books, agreements, technical and economic indicators, approval documents; research plans, schemes, outlines, and technical measures; relevant technical survey materials, design calculations, test items, records, data, drawings, etc.
This type of literature has significant use value and is characterized by confidentiality and internal control usage.
As the academic year draws to a close, senior students are required to complete their graduation projects, a crucial final assignment that serves as a bridge to their professional lives. This comprehensive guide explores the common shortcomings in graduation theses and provides detailed evaluation comments to help students and reviewers alike.
For undergraduate theses, the typical duration is about five to six months. The results are primarily presented through sections such as the introduction, abstract, and main body, which collectively showcase the student’s research efforts and findings.
For graduate theses, the typical duration is about two to three months. Key sections include the introduction, abstract, and main body, allowing students to demonstrate their research outcomes or enhance their innovative capabilities in their chosen field.
Throughout the writing process of an undergraduate thesis, professional training and education are essential. This enables students to apply theoretical knowledge to solve practical problems, thereby honing their independent thinking, analytical, and judgment skills.
Evaluation comments for an undergraduate graduation thesis should concisely summarize the overall score and offer constructive suggestions for a fair assessment. Emphasis should be placed on acknowledging strengths in writing standards, control of repetition rates, and overall quality management.
The evaluation of an undergraduate graduation thesis typically includes four key components:
- Data collection: Assessing the thoroughness and relevance of gathered information.
- Materials: Evaluating the quality and appropriateness of sources used.
- Feedback on the thesis framework: Providing insights on structure and organization.
- Feedback to thesis organizers or relevant personnel: Communicating overall impressions and recommendations.
3. How to Evaluate a Graduation Thesis
The thesis represents a significant milestone in university education, serving as both a summary of the student’s work and an assessment tool. Evaluation involves the author reviewing their own thesis prior to the defense, ensuring it meets academic standards.
So, how do you evaluate a thesis effectively? Consider the following points:
Undergraduate theses hold considerable academic weight, as they reflect the quality of undergraduate education and are a key metric for evaluating educational success.
Graduate theses are equally valuable, emphasizing the importance of selecting research topics closely aligned with the student’s field of study to demonstrate depth and specialization.
4. What Are the Classifications of Graduation Theses?
Theses can be classified into various types, such as survey reports, academic papers, and published research results. Each classification requires specific evaluation criteria based on the research methods, data, viewpoints, and other elements employed.
Below, I detail the research methods and data analysis techniques commonly used in theses:
Survey Report: This involves statistical analysis of respondent behaviors to derive conclusions. It typically includes:
- Questionnaires, interviews, street intercepts, personal reflections, and reference materials.
- Considerations of economic development, social feedback, and personal attributions.
Such reports help experts understand the historical and current context of research fields, aiding in judging the originality of the work.
Experimental Department: This refers to units that provide data or materials for investigative research. Different departments offer varied resources and equipment, with specifics tailored to the experimental needs.
Survey Report Experimental Section: This component summarizes the experimental motivation and accurately describes changes and significant events in the research process. It includes:
- Experimental design, sample selection, manipulation separation, improvement measures, and reagent selection.
- Focus on reagent safety, qualification rates, and usage management.
These elements represent just a portion of thesis components. It is advisable to adhere to institutional guidelines to avoid confusion and ensure accuracy throughout the evaluation process.
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